時(shí)間:2024-07-02|瀏覽:321
美元體系是一個(gè)由機(jī)構(gòu)、監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)和機(jī)制組成的復(fù)雜網(wǎng)絡(luò),它們共同努力維護(hù)世界主要儲(chǔ)備貨幣的穩(wěn)定性和功能性。比特幣初創(chuàng)公司 River 的研究分析師 Sam Baker 最近制作了一張令人印象深刻的信息圖,讓我們對(duì)這個(gè)錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)有了深刻的了解。
@River 團(tuán)隊(duì)的信息圖表技能更上一層樓。@macromule 干得好!pic.twitter.com/QJ7tqjRkV8
— Alexander Leishman (@Leishman) 2024 年 6 月 27 日
讓我們逐節(jié)分解。
總體情況
該信息圖分為幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵區(qū)域:
國(guó)際監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)和超國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)
國(guó)內(nèi)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)
美國(guó)政府實(shí)體
美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)
離岸歐洲美元體系
境內(nèi)投資者
銀行和存款機(jī)構(gòu)
付款和結(jié)算
美元在世界各地的地位
國(guó)際監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)和超國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)
在信息圖的頂部,我們看到了在全球金融監(jiān)管中發(fā)揮作用的各種國(guó)際機(jī)構(gòu)。這些機(jī)構(gòu)包括:
二十國(guó)集團(tuán)(G20)
金融穩(wěn)定理事會(huì)(FSB)
國(guó)際貨幣基金組織(IMF)
國(guó)際清算銀行(BIS)
這些組織致力于確保全球金融穩(wěn)定和國(guó)家之間的合作。
國(guó)內(nèi)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)
美國(guó)有自己的一套監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu),負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)管金融體系的不同方面:
全國(guó)期貨協(xié)會(huì) (NFA)
市政證券規(guī)則制定委員會(huì)(MSRB)
金融業(yè)監(jiān)管局(FINRA)
商品期貨交易委員會(huì)(CFTC)
證券交易委員會(huì)(SEC)
這些機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)管美國(guó)境內(nèi)的各種金融市場(chǎng)和產(chǎn)品。
美國(guó)政府實(shí)體
幾個(gè)政府實(shí)體在美國(guó)美元體系中發(fā)揮著至關(guān)重要的作用:
美國(guó)財(cái)政部
美國(guó)國(guó)稅局(IRS)
政府支持的企業(yè)(如房利美和房地美)
財(cái)政部對(duì)于美國(guó)政府債務(wù)的發(fā)行和管理至關(guān)重要。
美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)
該系統(tǒng)的核心是美國(guó)中央銀行美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)。該信息圖顯示了其復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu),包括:
理事會(huì)
聯(lián)邦公開市場(chǎng)委員會(huì)(FOMC)
12 家地區(qū)聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備銀行
美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)的資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表顯示了資產(chǎn)和負(fù)債,凸顯了其在貨幣政策中的作用。
離岸歐洲美元體系
本節(jié)說(shuō)明了美元的國(guó)際化方面,展示了它在離岸銀行系統(tǒng)和外匯市場(chǎng)中的使用方式。
境內(nèi)投資者
圖中顯示了各種類型的國(guó)內(nèi)投資者,包括:
養(yǎng)老基金
保險(xiǎn)公司
共同基金
對(duì)沖基金
這些實(shí)體在美元的需求和流通中發(fā)揮著重要作用。
銀行和存款機(jī)構(gòu)
The infographic shows how commercial banks and other depository institutions fit into the system, acting as intermediaries between the Fed, investors, and the general public.
Payments & Settlement
This section illustrates the complex web of payment and settlement systems that facilitate the movement of money, including:
ACH (Automated Clearing House)
Wire Transfers
Credit Card Networks
Dollar Status Around the World
A world map at the bottom of the infographic shows the global status of the US dollar, categorizing countries into:
Official Currency (e.g., United States)
Fixed Peg with USD (e.g., Saudi Arabia)
De Facto Currency (e.g., Panama)
Unofficial Currency (e.g., Cambodia)
This visual representation emphasizes the dollar’s global reach and importance.
Tying It All Together: The Interconnected US Dollar Ecosystem
The US Dollar System, as illustrated in River’s infographic, is a complex, interconnected network that spans global and domestic spheres. Let’s explore how these various components work together to maintain the dollar’s position as the world’s primary reserve currency.
At the top of the system, international regulators and supranationals like the G20, IMF, and BIS set the stage for global financial cooperation. They work in tandem with domestic regulators such as the SEC and CFTC to ensure stability and oversight across borders. This regulatory framework provides the foundation upon which the rest of the system operates.
The US government entities, particularly the Treasury Department, play a crucial role in managing the country’s finances and issuing debt. This debt, in the form of Treasury securities, is a key component of the global financial system, considered one of the safest investments worldwide.
At the heart of this system lies the Federal Reserve, the US central bank. The Fed’s monetary policies, including setting interest rates and managing the money supply, have far-reaching effects. These policies influence not only domestic financial conditions but also global markets due to the dollar’s international status.
The Fed’s actions ripple through the banking system, affecting both onshore and offshore dollar markets. Commercial banks act as intermediaries, channeling funds between the Fed, investors, and the general public. Meanwhile, the offshore Eurodollar system extends the dollar’s reach globally, facilitating international trade and investment.
Various types of investors, from pension funds to hedge funds, interact with this system, their activities influencing and being influenced by dollar dynamics. Their demand for dollar-denominated assets helps maintain the currency’s strength and liquidity.
The payments and settlement systems form the operational backbone of this ecosystem. They enable the smooth flow of funds across various entities, from large institutional transfers to everyday consumer transactions.
所有這些因素都對(duì)美元的全球地位做出了貢獻(xiàn),如世界地圖所示。美元的廣泛使用——無(wú)論是作為官方貨幣、掛鉤貨幣還是非官方交換媒介——都增強(qiáng)了其在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)中的重要性。
這種相互關(guān)聯(lián)的體系表明了美元為何仍是全球金融的核心。該生態(tài)系統(tǒng)任何部分的變化都可能產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響,影響從國(guó)際貿(mào)易到國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)政策等各個(gè)方面。了解這些聯(lián)系對(duì)于掌握全球金融的復(fù)雜性以及美元在其中的獨(dú)特作用至關(guān)重要。
特色圖片來(lái)自 Pixabay