土耳其是一個在全球加密貨幣市場中占有重要地位的國家，準(zhǔn)備在 2024 年推出管理加密資產(chǎn)的法規(guī)。此消息是在土耳其財政部長 Mehmet Simsek 在 1 月份宣布的，他表示當(dāng)?shù)氐募用芰⒎ㄕ谥贫ㄖ?。即將完成?/p>

盡管許多人預(yù)計土耳其議會將在 2024 年初開始監(jiān)管加密貨幣市場，但官方立法草案尚未提交。這種監(jiān)管清晰度的缺乏引發(fā)了土耳其加密行業(yè)內(nèi)部對立法出臺的時間表以及該國加密監(jiān)管現(xiàn)狀的質(zhì)疑。

土耳其加密貨幣監(jiān)管現(xiàn)狀

盡管缺乏全面的加密立法，但土耳其確實制定了一些初步法規(guī)。然而，這些措施缺乏土耳其議會的支持，引發(fā)了對其可執(zhí)行性的擔(dān)憂。

當(dāng)?shù)丶用茇泿艑＜?Ismail Hakki Polat 將當(dāng)前狀態(tài)描述為針對加密資產(chǎn)的“非常輕微的監(jiān)管”。土耳其央行于 2021 年實施的一項此類法規(guī)禁止在土耳其境內(nèi)使用比特幣等加密貨幣進(jìn)行支付，因為它們不被視為法定貨幣。然而，波拉特強調(diào)了議會監(jiān)督的缺乏，并對違反這一規(guī)則的潛在后果和處罰提出了疑問。他將其描述為一項“沒有立足之地”的規(guī)定。

第二項監(jiān)管屬于金融犯罪調(diào)查委員會 (MASAK) 的職權(quán)范圍，重點關(guān)注加密領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的反洗錢 (AML) 措施。該法規(guī)要求交易所收集用戶的某些了解你的客戶（KYC）數(shù)據(jù)，以防止洗錢和恐怖主義融資等非法活動。

土耳其資本市場委員會 (CMB)，也稱為 SPK (Sermaye Piyasas? Kurulu)，在 2018 年發(fā)布了指導(dǎo)意見，禁止其管轄下的實體（例如銀行和經(jīng)紀(jì)自營商）進(jìn)行加密貨幣交易，這讓情況變得更加復(fù)雜。 Mindstone 區(qū)塊鏈實驗室首席執(zhí)行官、行業(yè)領(lǐng)袖 Tansel Kaya 強調(diào)了本 SPK 指南的過時性。

土耳其：全球加密貨幣市場的主要參與者

盡管缺乏全面的加密貨幣立法，土耳其仍然是全球加密貨幣市場的主要參與者。土耳其總?cè)丝?8500 萬中估計有 2000 萬加密貨幣投資者，一些研究表明土耳其的采用率已超過 40%，這意味著每五個土耳其公民中可能就有兩個持有加密資產(chǎn)。這轉(zhuǎn)化為巨大的交易量，根據(jù) Chainanalysis 數(shù)據(jù)，土耳其成為世界第四大加密市場，交易量估計為 1700 億美元。

This surpasses established economies like Russia, Canada, Vietnam, Thailand, and Germany. In September 2023, the Turkish Lira even became the top trading pair for crypto on Binance, accounting for a staggering 75% of all fiat trading volume on the exchange. This surge in crypto activity within Turkey is attributed to a large influx of investors seeking alternative financial instruments.

Source: Chainalysis Beyond Catching Up: Turkey’s Crypto Regulations and the FATF Gray List

Turkey’s anticipated crypto legislation isn’t just about catching up with the times. The country’s aim is to improve its standing with the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), an intergovernmental watchdog promoting effective policies to combat money laundering and terrorist financing. In October 2021, the FATF placed Turkey on its “gray list” due to concerns about disproportionate regulation of the non-profit sector.

Local cryptocurrency expert Ismail Hakki Polat explains that Turkey must address 39 action items set by the FATF to be removed from the “gray list.” One of these action items specifically targets the crypto industry. The FATF requires member countries to comply with its framework to ensure virtual assets are not exploited for criminal activities. By implementing robust crypto regulations, Turkey hopes to demonstrate its commitment to combating financial crime and secure its removal from the FATF’s “gray list.”

Focus on Investor Protection: Licensing and Safe Custody Under the New Law

The upcoming Turkish crypto law will primarily focus on regulating and licensing cryptocurrency exchanges, henceforth referred to as Virtual Asset Service Providers (VASPs) under the FATF framework. These regulations will establish clear guidelines for VASP operations, defining their liabilities and responsibilities towards their customers. Additionally, the law will set standards for safe custody – how VASPs must securely store crypto assets entrusted to them by their users.

This emphasis on investor protection stems from the fallout of a major Turkish crypto exchange, Thodex. The exchange abruptly shut down operations in April 2021, leaving investors high and dry. Thodex founder Faruk Fatih ?zer was eventually sentenced in 2023 for fraud estimated at a staggering $2 billion. Beyond VASP regulations, the new legislation is also expected to finally provide a legal framework for taxing cryptocurrency transactions in Turkey.

Taxation and Tokenization

Local reports suggest the Turkish Revenue Administration plans to impose low-rate transaction taxes on crypto, potentially utilizing existing taxes like the Banking and Insurance Transactions Tax (BSMV) which currently sits at 5%. Cryptocurrency earnings are also likely to be subject to income declaration, but a zero withholding tax rate is reportedly being considered.

此外，即將出臺的法案預(yù)計將解決現(xiàn)實世界資產(chǎn)代幣化的監(jiān)管問題，這可能為新的金融工具打開大門。

立法時間

盡管最初預(yù)計 2024 年初會取得進(jìn)展，但土耳其加密貨幣立法的確切發(fā)布日期仍不清楚。一些行業(yè)觀察人士將這一時間安排與美國外國資產(chǎn)控制辦公室 (OFAC) 即將舉行的 6 月會議聯(lián)系起來，該會議可能會考慮將土耳其從 FATF 中刪除灰名單。行業(yè)領(lǐng)袖坦塞爾·卡亞 (Tansel Kaya) 表示，該法律及其法規(guī)需要在本次會議之前（可能是 5 月份）頒布。

當(dāng)?shù)貙＜乙了姑窢枴すげɡ?(Ismail Hakki Polat) 提供了一個更廣泛的時間表，建議可能在六月當(dāng)前議會季結(jié)束時發(fā)布。不過，他承認(rèn)可能會推遲到秋季甚至年底。波拉特表示，刪除 FATF 灰名單的緊迫性似乎有所減輕。

土耳其瀕臨加密貨幣監(jiān)管的帖子首先出現(xiàn)在 Coinfomania 上。

熱點：加密貨幣 加密 監(jiān)管 貨幣